India is one of the world's four ancient civilizations
India is one of the world's four ancient civilizations, around 2000 BC created a splendid civilization of the Indus. About the 14th century BC, the original Aryan people living in Central Asia's team into the South Asian subcontinent, and conquered the indigenous. Circa 1000, began to form different ethnic and social division of labor based on caste system.Rise of the 4th century BC Phoenician begin unified the Indian subcontinent, the vast territory of the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ashoka, a powerful regime, Buddhism flourished and began to spread. Small medieval buildings, Hindu arisen. Since the 11th century, Muslims from northwest India continues to invade and long reign. 1526 establishment of the Mughal empire, becoming one of the world powers at the time.
1600 British invasion, the establishment of East India Company. 1757, the outbreak of war between India and England Placido, India was gradually reduced due to defeat a British colony. In 1849, the British occupied the whole territory of India. 1857 anti-British uprising broke out the following year, the British government ruled India directly. June 1947, the British India into India and Pakistan, two dominions. In the same year on August 15, India and Pakistan after the partition of independence. January 26, 1950, India announced the establishment of the Republic of India, but still member of the Commonwealth.
India's recorded history there is no uniform calendar, India use dating up to 20 or more. Do not know the exact age of each calendar, as well as the Annals of the backward and forward linkages. India is not, only on religion, not heavy history, promising emperors held court ritual specialists, but no official historian. Therefore, India's history can be said to be a mess (at least this is it ancient history).
327 BC, Alexander the Great, the Macedonian army crossed the rate of the Hindu Kush mountains invasion of the West Indies, went to establish a stronghold. Alexander tried to conquer the Ganges plain, by way of Romania and Tanzania fork beginning Rawalpindi, advancing to the south and east, were resistant to local forces. At that time the most powerful forces in the Ganges plain is Magadha, is under the rule of King Nanda. Around 317 BC, the country origin of a Kshatriya aristocracy, called Chandra Gupta · youth, under his resourceful adviser Chanakya's help, the army defeated the Macedonian people in Northwest India troops and announced India's freedom. After he arrived in the capital of Magadha Fahrenheit city, overthrew the rule of King Nanda, seized power, established the Maurya. He also annexed a number of surrounding neighbors, the establishment of the Indian history of a large empire. The grandson of Chandra Gupta · Ashoka era, Maurya reached its peak. He ascended the throne after eight years, conquered the southeast coast of Kalinga country, this time empire includes almost a substantial portion of the Tamil areas in addition to the whole of India and Afghanistan.
The national bird of India
The national bird of India
Peacock with its unprecedented strong state power, completed a number of important career. For example, in the whole of India Chandra · Gupta built a well-developed road system. Road features Inn, every column and a half years to build a mark. Ashoka era also plant trees in the roads on both sides, separated about three years to dig a well, the rest of the premises as a pedestrian. Near the intersection of the main road, the establishment of national granaries and warehouses for emergency use when. In addition, in order to increase agricultural production, the Empire is still built around the canals and reservoirs, establish a better irrigation system. In order to carry out their political ideals people, erected in the reign of his range around the many pillars, engraved Chao Wen, showed their determination, hope to get the support of the people. These Chao text is written in many languages, called "Ashoka imperial reform." In northwest India, Afghanistan and the southeast coast of the country have found. Some Chao Wen is engraved on polished rock cliff.
Asoka Maurya advocate for and protect Buddhism, some of the stories circulating in the community he and Buddhism. It is said that he became king of the early use of violence and torture to govern the country. Fahrenheit in the capital city of the north there is a prison, people call it "Ashoka prison." In prison, using various instruments of torture tortured prisoners. King has ordered that anyone who entered the prison, they could not get out alive. One day, a Buddhist saint is no reason to be shut in, the jailer would he put hot pot, boiling water, he was not able. Jailer reported the matter to Ashoka, he felt very strange, he became interested in Buddhism. Later, he ordered the cancellation of the tall prison and amended the Criminal Code, prisoners leniency pleasure. At this time, his army just to quell the rebellion Kalinga region, killing tens of thousands of rebels and captured many people. Ashoka conscience blame, resulting in a feeling of remorse and compassion. He ordered the release of all prisoners, and released a repentant instruments, after wearing robes, converted to Buddhism. He ordered a ban on hunting, and personally vegetarian, dedicated to the implementation of the "Dharma" (moral and religious) rule. This has led to major changes in domestic and foreign policy Maurya. Ashoka gave up to the massacre and exile the people as a means of military conquest, the release of prisoners of war on the people using the "pious probation" policy.
Like with many legends of India, the story is difficult to say how many real ingredients. However, Ashoka respected Buddhism, he'd be released to prove multiple imperial reform. In these imperial reform, he praised Buddhism, advise people to convert to Buddhism and Buddhist spirit manifested in everyday life. He banned the killing of the animals, and the establishment of human and animal hospitals, alms to the poor. He also built temples throughout India, pagodas, personally patrol worship. Buddhists called him "chakravartin." Although he is enthusiastic Buddhists, but not exclude other religions. Jainism, Brahmanism, also subject to the same protection. Because of his good deeds and Virtue, Indian people still miss the king.
本帖最后由 liberty 于 2014-11-2 18:32 编辑
Samudragupta (AD 335--380 years) reign, Gupta massive outward expansion, after his conquest of the Ganges River and the eastern part of the Indian River upstream, and swept south, conquered the eastern Orissa and Deccan , forces once expanded to the Southwest madras in south India. His influence extended to the sea, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java, and other places of Indians residing in the region, the history of India for another glorious empire - the emergence of the Gupta empire foundation. Samudragupta is called Napoleon Indian history. His career by his son Chandragupta II (Ultra-day king) inheritance. The latter reign roughly AD 380--413 years. Super Sun King continue to implement foreign policy campaign. He hand with marriage ways to strengthen relations with North India and the Deccan region chiefs to secure their dominance, while the northwest of India to rule several small kingdoms offensive Saka people, continue to expand empire. To AD 409 years ago, in addition to Kashmir and some foreign Amy southern tip of India, almost unified the whole of India, its territory and Maurya fairly.
http://img.indiacn.com/uploadfile/2013/0613/20130613050810160.jpg
Gupta dynasty ruled India, has experienced political unity and social stability period of about 100 years. Dynasty implement centralized system, controlled by the central government following a large number of small princes, kings and subordinate officials managing executive. During this period, economic prosperous, densely populated Ganges basin-centered economy gained unprecedented development. Chandragupta II emphasis on the construction of irrigation projects, fixes many were destroyed large irrigation facilities to agricultural development. Gupta dynasty controlled the coastal ports in Bangladesh and West Indies, with the time of the Byzantine Empire, Greece, Egypt and the Arab world conduct extensive trade. Southeast Asia and China's trade is mainly through the Ganges Delta and Kalinga ports, namely along the "Marine Silk Road" performed. Indian businessmen through the Malacca Strait to reach over China's Guangzhou trade. Empire was the use of a common currency to that pull. Because of industry and commerce developed, there is a wealthy city industrial and commercial sectors, these people become consumers of high culture. Of the Eastern Jin Dynasty monk Fa Xian Seeking to India, witnessed a prosperous situation dynasty. After returning, he wrote in "Buddha mind" (ie, "Fa Xian Biography"), and praised the Gupta dynasty rulers Shiren Zheng, "People Yin Yue" In fact, what was the heyday dynasty.
Chandragupta II also imposed religious tolerance policies to support academic culture, so that the ancient Indian culture in all its aspects - aspects of science and technology religion, philosophy, drama, poetry, art and astronomy, mathematics emerged prosperity . This is an era of talent, said that when Chandragupta II came to power, surrounded by nine universities, known as harem "Nine treasure." This nine scholars are: playwright and poet Kalidasa, astronomers swine days, doctors Devon Tarifa, Jain saint 克沙帕纳卡 dictionary Amara Sinha scholar, mathematician Sang library poet Bei Tala Barta and Gata Karl Parra, grammar scholars Guevara Lurgi. Today's words, these people are the big intellectuals, called them "treasure", seen at the time the rulers of the importance of knowledge and talent.
Gupta is the Indians themselves established an unprecedented prosperous reign, it is India's orthodox culture - the heyday of Hindu culture, it can be said that the heyday of medieval Indian civilization. It was some nationalist historians called India's "golden age", its place in the history of China's Tang Dynasty with comparable. From the cultural point of view, at the same time, religion, philosophy, literature, art, etc. there is a general prosperity, Indian culture has matured and stereotypes.
Timur captured Delhi, mainly in order to plunder, and no established rule. Establish the rule is his fifth generation descendant Babur. Babur wit, courage, extraordinary strength, and his grandmother was a relative of Genghis Khan, so that he will be inherited with Genghis Khan and Tamerlane both bloodlines. According to legend, he had a single person within five minutes to kill 5 enemies with fighting, horse speeding 160 miles in two days, and people bet on two occasions in order to swim across the Ganges. Babur several army fought and defeated the Sudanese army in Delhi. 1526, that Babur age of 22, to an elite cavalry 12,000 people, according to Brahim defeated the Turkish army of the king of 100,000, killing thousands of prisoners, the occupation of Delhi, the establishment of the Mughal dynasty. All foreign rulers in India, Mughal arguably the greatest dynasty, which ruled more complete administrative, the relationship between religion and the relationship between central and local government than harmony, economic and cultural, there have been unprecedented prosperity. This dynasty to India into the Islamic cultural factors, India has entered a new era.
Babur was a great writer, leaving an elegantly written memoir, 47 years old when he died, unfortunately.
Mughal Empire to Akbar the Great (1542--1605 years) Age reached its peak. Akbar ingenious, can be comparable with the ancient Ashoka.
Inspiration Diamond throne tower Bodh Gaya where Buddha was
Inspiration Diamond throne tower Bodh Gaya where Buddha was
"Akbar" means "the greatest" Indians called him. His original name was Mohammed can not remember what. He is the grandson of Babur, has a playful, active, brave, resourceful nature, like to do all kinds of dangerous sports. He is an excellent knight, like playing polo, and polo invented glow to the sport can be carried out at night. He learned how to control aggressive elephants, and ready to go out to hunt lions and tigers. He was 14 years old, is the Islamic clergy, please go with a machete to cut a prisoner's head, whereby the Islamic warrior title - "infidels executioner." He does not love reading, the court invited many teachers learned to teach him to read, but all were rejected him.
At 18, he has won all of the Imperium. He inherited his grandfather's passion and greed, outward expansion of frontiers, through a series of brutal fighting hard, conquered most of the South Asian subcontinent, the establishment of an unprecedented vast empire. India's history flowing to the mid 16th century, the emergence of a peaceful and broad sections, which is a unified powerful Mughal era.
When Akbar's death, the Mughal empire included Gotha north from south Kashmir Valley River east to west Dakar Brahmaputra River in the vast region. 1566, the imperial capital moved to Agra. Akbar established an effective bureaucracy and legal systems, the administration is much more to be 比德里苏丹 outstanding period. During his reign, the country's government for land re-measurement and classification, and according to the type of land tax under the new tax system. These practices increase the government's tax revenue, and promote social and economic development but also to some extent. Empire economic prosperity, court life of luxury, this time India was among the world once again among the rich and powerful countries.
Culturally, although the implementation of the Islamic Mughal, but in order to rule the majority of Hindus, but also a large number of appointments Hindu ruler, Akbar's religious policy is thus quite forgiving. He tried to formulate an independent ideology of his empire, the implementation of an emperor as supreme gods of the new religion. He had a famous saying: "All religions have the light, and the light always more or less shaded with." He also said to absorb the essence of all religions, to create a group called "God teaches a" world religion. This religion, although not popular, but he influenced his later rulers tolerant attitude towards religion, but also promote the integration of two religions. Although he was illiterate emperor, but then he recognized the value of books.
He Statecraft, attention to the collection of various books, built a sizeable library. These materials include papers and paintings of many outstanding literary works. In the era of his reign, poet, painter, architect, sculptor enjoys a high status, often a large number of royal gift items. He personally supervised the Hindu epic "Mahabharata" translation. He can not read, can only rely on others to read to him. He often find those books to study esoteric, thereby obtaining a profound knowledge, and finally, he became a love of literature and art illiterate scholars, really strange man! Under his promotion and protection, literature, art, painting, music, etc., every kind of art have emerged prosperity.
Inspiration Diamond throne tower Bodh Gaya where Buddha was
Akbar's death, his son Jia Hanjie throne, continue to implement the policy of Akbar. In from Akbar Shah Jahan to his grandson about 100 years, there are expanding empire. But by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (1658--1707 years) Statecraft period the situation has changed. Aurangzeb naturally cautious, extremely devout Islam. His intolerance of religious policy implementation, destroyed Hindu temple be rebuilt mosque, causing around complaining, the war continued, the country independence forces increased, Empire appeared to decline. Aurangzeb died in 1707, has experienced several dynastic monarchy, but time is very short. This time, the scope of the Mughal Empire has been very little actual control, and later confined to the palace in Delhi around a small area. Finally, under 马拉提 people blow, the total collapse of the empire.
頁:
[1]