无人机装备技术发展
21世纪以来,军用无人机装备在世界范围内迅速扩散,频繁出现在阿富汗、叙利亚、利比亚等局部地区战场,由执行情监侦等支援性作战任务向火力打击等主战任务转变,应用潜力不断提升。此外,人工智能、飞控导航、网络通信等技术的发展,加快了无人机装备能力提升,使其任务谱系日益完善,先后发展出低成本可消耗无人机、无人僚机、无人加油机、空射无人机等多种新质装备,衍生出有人无人协同、无人机蜂群等新型概念,使无人机装备运用形式不断拓展,加速推动无人化智能化战争时代到来。无人僚机是指可与有人作战飞机密集编队、高效协同,遂行制空作战、防空压制、空中护航等作战任务的无人机系统。2009年,美空军正式提出“忠诚僚机”作战构想,一方面,可以解决有人机服役规模有限、飞机老龄化等问题;另一方面,通过发展新质无人作战力量,构建有人无人协同的作战形态,支撑争议地区的自由军事行动,颠覆未来空战样式.
俄罗斯“猎人”无人机
S-70“猎人”重型无人机是由俄罗斯苏霍伊设计局研发的无人作战飞机,采用无尾飞翼式气动布局,机长14 m,翼展19 m,最大起飞质量20 t,可独立遂行制空作战、防空压制等战场任务,也可与苏-57战斗机协同编组运用,首架原型机于2019年首飞。2021年,俄罗斯新西伯利亚航空工厂完成第二架预生产改进型S-70“猎人”无人机总装,该架机与首飞型具有明显结构差异,预计于2022年初开展系列地面和飞行测试,并计划2024年列装俄罗斯部队。
“猎人”B隐身无人机首飞成功 “俄式”无人机崛起之路
“天空博格人”(Skyborg)系统是美国空军研究实验室最新研制的无人自主空战系统,旨在将人工智能等算法集成于低成本可消耗无人机等平台,提供强对抗战场环境下具备高度自主水平的无人作战装备。2021年以来,美军持续推进“天空博格人”系统研发工作,运用多型无人平台开展“自主核心系统”(ACS)试飞验证,加快推动自主核心系统实战化能力生成。
2021年4月,“天空博格人”项目团队使用克拉托斯公司研制的UTAP-22“灰鲭鲨”无人机,在佛罗里达州廷德尔空军基地完成了历时2 h 10 min的“自主核心系统”首飞测试,验证了包括导航飞控、包线适应、地理栅栏响应等一系列能力。8月,美空军分别授予克拉托斯公司和通用原子系统公司一份总额1320万美元和700万美元的”天空博格人”项目合同,以支持其在2022财年开展“自主核心系统”平台集成和作战试验。10月,测试团队首次完成“天空博格人”系统有人无人编组飞行试验,操作人员在“空中国王”200公务机上使用一台RCU-1000平板电脑操控MQ-20无人机验证了协同机间通信、态势感知、操纵控制等能力。
2021年9月,诺格公司提出Model 437无人机概念,旨在响应美空军“天空博格人”项目需求,探索具备一定隐身能力、可自主执行情监侦和空中护航等作战任务的新型无人系统。Model 437无人机在缩尺复合体公司的Model 401飞机基础上改进而来,单机成本将控制在500~600万美元,改装工作将耗时14个月。Model 401飞机机长11.6 m,翼展11.6 m,巡航速度720 km/h,可携带907 kg燃料,续航时间4 h,最大起飞质量3630 kg,最大有效载荷907 kg(内埋),动力系统为1台可提供13.2 kN推力的惠普JTD-15D-5涡轮发动机。
美国推进“空战进化”、“天空博格人”和“刺猬”研究
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