英语语法 -- 虚拟语气

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1） 概念
　　 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。


2） 在条件句中的应用
　　 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。
非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

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真实条件句
真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。
　
　　时态关系
句型： 条件从句　　　 主句
　　 一般现在时　　 shall/will + 动词原形
　If he comes, he will bring his violin.


典型例题
　The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.　
A.　will rain　 B. rains　 C. rained　 D. is rained
　答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

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注意：
1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
　(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
　(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
　2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

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非真实条件句
1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
a.　 同现在事实相反的假设。
句型 ： 条件从句　　　　　主句
　　　　一般过去时　　　should( would) +动词原形
　 If they were here, they would help you.


b.　 表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型： 条件从句　　　　　 主句　　　　　
　　　过去完成时　　　 should(would) have+ 过去分词
　 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　　
　 The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　
　 If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.




　 If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
　 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
　 If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
　 含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.　

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c.　 表示对将来的假想
　句型：　 条件从句　　　　　　 主句
　　　　 一般过去时　　　　　 should+ 动词原形
　　　　 were+ 不定式　　　　 would + 动词原形
　　　　 should+ 动词原形
　If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
　If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
　If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.


混合条件句
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
　　If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
　 （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
　　If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).

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虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
　 Were they here now, they could help us.
　=If they were here now, they could help us.
　 Had you come earlier, you would have met him
　=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　
　 Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
　=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.


注意：
　 在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。
　 If I were you, I would go to look for him.
　　 如果我是你，就会去找他。
　 If he were here, everything would be all right.
　　 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

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典型例题
　_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I
　 答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。
但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。
如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.

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wish的用法
1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：


　　　　　　　　　　　　　真实状况　wish后　　　　　
从句动作先于主句动词动作　　现在时　　过去时
（be的过去式为 were）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
从句动作与主句动作同时发生　过去时　　过去完成时
（had + 过去分词）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
将来不大可能实现的愿望　　　将来时　would/could +
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　动词原形　　　　


　I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。
　He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话
　I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。


2）Wish to do表达法。
　 Wish sb / sth to do
　 I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
　 I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

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比较if only与only if
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
　　I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

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It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
　 It is time that the children went to bed.
　 It is high time that the children should go to bed.